Approximately 90,000 refugees of ethnic Nepali origin have settled in UN refugee camps in southeast Nepal since the early 1990s, having fled from discrimination and human rights violations.  Equally troubling, the refugees have no legal rights to employment or property in Nepal, making them almost entirely dependent on food aid.  Bhutan has refused to repatriate the refugees, and a series of talks that have strained relations between itself and Nepal.

Tens of thousands of refugees will be on the receiving end of said rations, thanks to Australian assistance.  Australia has contributed $460,000 to resume the program.

Meeting in Barcelona this week to flesh out details of the looming Copenhagen climate summit in December 2009, negotiators and participants must also taken into account the scientific reports showing unmistakable changes and concerns over water conservation measures, and consequent relocation of sizeable populations.

With the predicted rise of the global population from the current size of 6.7 billion inhabitants to an estimated nine billion people by 2050, nations and policymakers alike have no choice but to confront the inevitable questions over population density and resource allocation.

In Saudi Arabia, for example, deep aquifers have allowed for complete self-sufficiency in terms of national grain production for a number of years.  However, the same aquifers are now being drained, say Saudi authorities.  By 2016, the country is expected to halt grain farming and become entirely dependent on grain imports in order to sustain its burgeoning population of 30 million, according to Lester Brown, president of the Earth Policy Institute.

Underdeveloped countries like Bangladesh and Vietnam seem to be especially susceptible to threats to the food supply brought on by climate change.  The article quotes Lester Brown as saying that there are climate models that predict sea levels to rise one meter by the end of the century, flooding half the rice fields in both countries and wiping out food supplies to millions.

The article also points out how despite the fact that although Great Britain is currently seventy percent self-sufficient in food production and consumption, the country is also analyzing measures to feed a population expected to increase from 61 million to 70 million over the next two decades.

Some analysts say that two ways to alleviate these problems would be through population control measures and a “’rethink [of] the entire food system’ in the same way the world’s economic and energy systems are being debated as a result of climate change.”

The Wall Street Journal reports the Ethiopian appeal for massive amounts of foreign aid, as a severe drought in the country puts the East African nation on the border of a potentially drastic humanitarian crisis concerning low levels of food and water. Paul Lomas, Oxfam International’s regional director for East Africa, states that this is the worst drought striking the country in ten years.

Compounding the current situation are the still relatively high prices of food from a prior increase last year, in addition to insufficient amounts of investment in agriculture and a lack of crisis preparation for the impending crisis.

Mitiku Kassa, Minister of Disaster risk management and food security in Ethiopia, states the number of Ethiopians needing food aid increased to 6.2 million from 4.9 million earlier this year — out of Ethiopia’s total population of 83 million.

Mr. Kassa requested a total of $175 million in aid, including more than 160,000 tons of food as well as nonfood assistance such as health and sanitation support and help for agriculture and livestock.

The threat of famine in Ethiopia looms large because most Ethiopians depend on the land for their food and livelihood and the government is expecting another weak harvest due to the lack of rain.

The prolonged crises in the region have stretched the budgets of aid agencies already.  Oxfam has already issued an emergency appeal for $15 million to help with the situation in East Africa.  The World Food Program also has said it is short on funding this year.

UNCTAD’s World Investment Report is the first detailed analysis of FDI flows behind the farmland grab trend, in which participating countries like Saudi Arabia and South Korea invest in overseas plots. The investors plan to export the bulk of the crops back to feed their domestic populations.  Investments in agriculture are being spurred by rising food prices and shortages, which has subsequently resulted in export bans.

Supachai Panitchpakdi, Secretary-General of UNCTAD, notes, “This year’s World Investment Report reveals a real and rising interest . . . for investment in developing countries’ agricultural industries,” and indicates that “‘south-south investment’ in agricultural production is on the rise.”  The Secretary-General believes this trend will continue in the longer-term future.

However,  the agricultural industry is historically amongst the most heavily regulated in many countries.  UNCTAD does note attempts to secure similar food supplies have been unsuccessful in the past,  citing previous experiences in South Korea in the 1960s and 1970s and the Gulf nations in the 70s. Along with respective agricultural policies set by individual governments; investors’ inappropriate policies, inexperience and lack of understanding of the local culture contributed to these failures.

An additional caveat is the local sales of some of the vegetables produced to help pay inmates’ transportation and medical expenses.

Mozambique currently houses a prison population of more than 15,000 inmates.  These inmates live together in overcrowded, under-equipped facilities often providing little to no means of effective sanitation.

Mozambican prisons have been criticized by human rights organizations in the past for insufficient sanitation measures and overcrowding.  In both 2004 and earlier this year,  inmates have died from asphyxiation due to the aforementioned reasons.  The Minister of Justice, Benvinda Levy, states that the nation does not have the resources to feed the large numbers of prisoners.

Broadly speaking,  the government food program has been widely accepted and welcomed.  At the present time, it is being carried out in prisons in the capital of Maputo,  and the neighboring province of Gaza.

Dr. Ejeta hails from Ethiopia, where his work has had a particular impact in easing famine conditions that frequently afflict his home country. Hybrid sorghum seed that he developed in the 1980’s created a yield 150% greater than natural seeds.  Upon creating a sorghum seed resistant to the Striga parasite, yields were quadrupled.

Dr. Ejeta’s work at Purdue University was funded by the United States Agency for Development (USAID) as part of its Sorghum, Millet and Other Grains (SMOG) initiative.

Bill Gates, in his capacity as co-chair and trustee of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, congratulated Dr. Ejeta and called for more aid to small farmers saying that to “…grow more crops and get them to market is the world’s single most powerful lever for reducing hunger and poverty.”

UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Director-General Jacques Diouf made a call to action, stating that, “The world food security governance system is inefficient and not well coordinated to address the present food crisis and the new challenges which we will have to face in the future.” Visit FAO’s World Food Day page to learn how you can get involved.

World Food Programme Executive Director Josette Sheeran states that “‘World Food Day’ is ‘No Food Day’ for almost one out of every six people around the world this year.”  WFP also offers “10 Things You Can do on World Food Day.”

Read U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton’s World Food Day statement and link to the State Department’s Food Security page.

Read more about the proceedings of today’s symposium by reading or watching online.

FAO estimates that due to the crisis, over 1.02 billion people were hungry in 2009 around the world.

To examine the “impact” of the crises. the report offers cases studies of Armenia, Bangladesh, Ghana, Nicaragua, and Zambia  in order to show how the global economic crisis (which unlike other crises that affected one country or a region) affected all global markets, particularly impacting developing countries.

In presenting the “lessons learned,” the report recommends short-term solutions such as food safety-net programs to fight hunger and poverty.  Long-term solutions include increased development aid, expertise sharing and new domestic policies to help the most vulnerable countries provide food more consistently and readily for their people.

“The challenge is not only to increase global future production but to increase it where it is mostly needed and by those who need it most,” FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf said. “There should be a special focus on smallholder farmers, women and rural households and their access to land, water and high quality seeds … and other modern inputs.”

The Guardian discusses how Diouf focused his remarks on the need to address “…population growth, strong income growth and urbanisation, with shifts in diet structures towards more nutritious and higher quality food…” as a major challenge.

For the 300 delegates in attendance this week, identifying future food needs are one part of the Forum’s goal, identifying potential solutions to these needs are another.  These policy discussions will set the table for the World Summit on Food Security held for world leaders in November 2009.

Watch Monday’s High Level Expert Forum video coverage.